Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth-Promotion Diazotrophic Endophytic Bacteria Associated to Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Grown in Paraíba, Brazil

Abstract: Sugarcane is an important Brazilian commodity, being usually cultivated in soils with low natural fertility. This study aimed to isolate diazotrophic endophytes from sugarcane tissues and evaluate the morphological and physiological characteristics of their colonies as well as their plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits in select diazotrophic endophytic bacteria. Fifty-six bacterial isolates were identified in the sugarcane tissues, and these isolates presented distinct morphological and physiological traits. A total of thirty-five bacterial isolates were biochemically evaluated. Overall, Bacillus was the dominant genus. Isolates of Methylobacterium spp. and Brevibacillus agri were present only in leaves, while Herbaspirillum seropedicae occurred only in stems. Except to IPA-CF45A, all isolates were nitrogenase positive. All endophytes exhibit production of indol 3-acetic acid. Over 50% of endophytes solubilize phosphate, release N-acyl homoserine lactones, and present the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, catalase, lipase and protease. The network analysis showed that isolates belonged to Burkholderia, Herbaspirillum, and Methylobacterium interact with Bacillus. Bacterial endophytes exhibited distinct morphological, physiological, and PGP traits that are useful for sustainable agriculture, highlighting the isolates IPA-CC33, IPA-CF65, IPA-CC9 and IPA-CF27. Further studies on the effects of these diazotrophic endophytes and their potential for providing microbial inoculants for improving sugarcane fields will provide valuable information to maintain the sustainability and environment quality.

Atención odontológica humanizada a un paciente con neurofibromatosis tipo 1 atendido en una clínica de odontología de especialización infantil: reporte de Caso / Humanized dental care for a patient with type 1 neurofibromatosis attended in a specialized children's dentistry clinic: case report / Atendimento odontológico humanizado a paciente com neurofibromatose tipo 1 atendido em ambulatório especializado de odontologia infantil: relato de caso

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar el abordaje individualizado, inclusivo y humanizado de un niño de 4 años y tres meses, con diagnóstico de neurofibromatosis tipo 1, atendido en la Carrera de Especialización en Odontopediatría de la Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la Repú blica, Montevideo, Uruguay. En el examen clínico se pudo observar cicatrices derivadas del tratamiento quirúrgico del neurofibroma plexiforme en la zona cervical y la presencia de hipotonicidad muscular oral. Al examen clínico intraoral, se observaron amplias zonas desdentadas a consecuencia de exodoncias de quince dientes deciduos. Presentaba lesiones activas de caries en los dientes remanentes, acompañado de biopelícula generalizada y sangrado gingival provocado. Se realizó un abordaje integral del paciente y la terapia rehabilitadora mediante el uso de prótesis parcial removible superior e inferior. Concluímos que el tratamiento odontológico educativo, preventivo, restaurador y rehabilitador fue satisfactorio y la empatía, como proceso dinámico, involucró mecanismos cognitivos, afectivos y conductuales, y fue reconocida por sus efectos positivos en la promoción de la salud bucal del paciente.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar uma abordagem odontológica individualizada, inclusiva e humanizada, enfatizando a importância do tratamento de uma criança de 4 anos e três meses, com diagnóstico de neurofibromatose tipo 1, que foi encaminhada e tratada en la clínica de la Carrera de Especialización en Odontopediatria de la Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la República. O exame clínico revelou cicatrizes decorrentes do tratamento cirúrgico do neurofibroma plexiforme que acometia o pescoço da criança e hipotonicidade muscular oral. Ao exame clínico intraoral, quinze dentes decíduos estavam ausentes e cinco com lesões de cárie na primeira infância, além de presença generalizada de biofilme microbiano nas superfícies dentais e sangramento gengival provocado. Foi realizado tratamento odontológico necessário ao paciente, com os devidos cuidados e terapia reabilitadora com prótese parcial removível superior e inferior. Concluímos que o tratamento odontológico educacional, preventivo, restaurador e reabilitador foi satisfatório e a empatia, como processo dinâmico, envolveu mecanismos cognitivos, afetivos e comportamentais e foi reconhecida por seus efeitos positivos na promoção da saúde bucal do paciente.

This paper aims to report an individualized, inclusive, and humanized dental approach, emphasizing the importance of treating a child aged four years and three months with neurofibromatosis type 1. The patient was referred and treated at the Clinic of the Specialization Course in Pediatric Dentistry of the Graduate School, School of Dentistry, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay. The clinical examination revealed scars from the surgical treatment of the plexiform neurofibroma and neck and oral muscle hypotonicity. The intraoral clinical examination showed large edentulous areas as 15 deciduous teeth were missing. The patient had active carious lesions, generalized microbial biofilm on the tooth surfaces, and gingival bleeding. A comprehensive treatment was provided, as well as restorative therapy with upper and lower removable partial dentures. We conclude that the dental educational, preventive, restorative, and rehabilitation treatment was satisfactory. Furthermore, empathy, as a dynamic process, involved cognitive, affective, and behavioral mechanisms. It also helped enhance the patient's oral health.

Prevalência da violência contra crianças, adolescentes, mulheres e idosos no município de Porto Alegre de 2017 a 2019 / Prevalence of violence against children, adolescents, women and older adults in the municipality of Porto Alegre from 2017 to 2019 / Prevalencia de violencia contra niños, adolescentes, mujeres y ancianos en Porto Alegre de 2017 a 2019

Este estudo teve o objetivo de delinear o perfil sociodemográfico de crianças, adolescentes, mulheres e idosos que vivenciaram violência no município de Porto Alegre (RS) no período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2019. Foi realizada pesquisa quantitativa, de abordagem epidemiológica, com recorte dos registros de ocorrência em crianças, adolescentes, mulheres e idosos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de notificações via Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), disponibilizados pela Equipe de Vigilância de Doenças Crônicas e Agravos Não Transmissíveis da Coordenadoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre. As variáveis analisadas foram: ano de notificação, idade, sexo, cor, se possui alguma deficiência, local da ocorrência, recorrência, tipo de violência, sexo do agressor e encaminhamentos. Foram notificados 8.394 casos. Entre os anos notificados, a maior prevalência ocorreu em 2019, com 42,68%. Foi identificado que 30,34% das notificações referiam-se a vítimas crianças, 22,81% aos adolescentes, 40,65% às mulheres e 6,18% a idosos. A maioria dos casos ocorreu com pessoas brancas (72,49%) e o tipo de violência mais prevalente na notificação foi a tentativa de suicídio, com 29,96%, ocorrida na residência (71,63%). Conclui-se que as notificações de violência contra crianças, adolescentes, mulheres e idosos no município de Porto Alegre aumentaram nos anos de 2017 a 2019.

This study outlines the sociodemographic profile of children, adolescents, women and older adults victim of violence in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, from January 2017 to December 2019. A quantitative, epidemiological research research focused on records involving children, adolescents, women and older adults was carried out. Data were collected from the notifications registered at the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, made available by the Chronic and Non-Communicable Diseases Surveillance Team of the Health Surveillance Coordination from the Porto Alegre Municipal Health Department. Year of notification, age, gender, race/ethnicity, place of occurrence, recurrence, type of violence, gender of the aggressor and referrals were the variables analyzed. The search found 8394 cases, with the highest prevalence of notifications reported in 2019 (25.90%). Of these, 30.34% referred to children, 22.81% to adolescents, 40.65% to women, and 6.18% to older adults. Most cases happened to white color (72.49%), by suicide attempt (29.96%) at home (71.63%). In conclusion, reports of violence against children, adolescents, women and older adults in the municipality of Porto Alegre increased from 2017 to 2019.

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo identificar el perfil sociodemográfico de niños, adolescentes, mujeres y ancianos que sufrieron violencia en la ciudad de Porto Alegre (Brasil) en el período de enero de 2017 a diciembre de 2019. Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, de enfoque epidemiológico, con destaque de los registros de ocurrencia en niños, adolescentes, mujeres y ancianos. Los datos fueron recolectados de notificaciones realizadas por el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables (Sinan), puestas a disposición por el Equipo de Vigilancia de Enfermedades Crónicas y Enfermedades No Trasmisibles, de la Coordinación General de Vigilancia Sanitaria de la Secretaría Municipal de Salud de Porto Alegre. Las variables analizadas fueron: año de notificación, edad, sexo, color, si tiene discapacidad, lugar de ocurrencia, reincidencia, tipo de violencia, sexo del agresor y derivaciones. Se reportaron 8.394 casos de violencia, entre los años reportados, la mayor prevalencia ocurrió en 2019 con el 42,68%. El 30,34% de las notificaciones se refería a niños, el 22,81% a adolescentes, el 40,65% a mujeres, y el 6,18% a ancianos. Hubo un predominio de casos en el color blanco (72,49%), el tipo de violencia más prevalente fue el intento de suicidio (29,96%), y el lugar de ocurrencia fue en el propio domicilio (71,63%). Se puede concluir que las denuncias de violencia por parte de niños, adolescentes, mujeres y ancianos de la ciudad de Porto Alegre tuvieron un incremento entre los años 2017 y 2019.

Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a strategy to improve annatto (Bixa orellana L. ) growth

This study aimed to assess the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in annatto (Bixa orellana L.) cultivars and their response to AMF inoculation using biometric parameters. The occurrence surveys were conducted in annatto fields in three municipalities from Pernambuco Forest Zone: Lagoa de Itaenga, Gloria de Goitá, and Vitoria de Santo Antão, and in four cultivars (Red Piave, Green Piave, Red Peruvian Paulista, and Green Peruvian Paulista). In a greenhouse, biometric parameters of annatto seedlings of Red Piave, Red Peruvian Paulista, Embrapa-36, and Embrapa-37 cultivars inoculated with AMF isolated from annatto fields. The Red Piave cultivar exhibited greater root colonization than the Green Peruvian Paulista in the Lagoa de Itaenga and Vitoria de Santo Antão municipalities. The cultivar Red Piave showed a more beneficial association with AMF in plants and soil than cultivar Green Peruvian Paulista did, in both Lagoa de Itaenga and Vitoria de Santo Antão. AMF inoculation was effective in promoting the growth of annatto plants, particularly those inoculants with S. heterogama and C. etunicatum.

Seed size influences the promoting activity of rhizobia on plant growth, nodulation and N fixation in lima bean / O tamanho da semente influencia a atividade promotora dos rizóbios sobre o crescimento de plantas, nodulação e fixação de N em feijão-fava

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the activity of rhizobia isolates inoculated in large (18 mm) and small (11 mm) seeds on lima bean growth, nodulation and N fixation. Selected rhizobia isolates were compared with a reference strain CIAT899 and two controls without inoculation. Large seeds contributed for highest plant growth, nodulation and N fixation than small seeds. The isolates UFPI-59, UFPI-18 and UFPI-38 promoted the highest values of shoot and root dry weight, respectively. The isolates UFPI-32 promoted the highest values of nodule number, while UFPI-59 promoted the highest values of nodule dry weight. The isolates UFPI-38 and UFPI-59 promoted the highest accumulation of N. This study showed that seed size really influences lima bean growth, nodulation and BNF. Considering rhizobia isolates, UFPI-59, UFPI-38, and UFPI-18 contributed for plant growth, promoted better nodulation and effectiveness on biological N fixation.

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou a atividade de isolados de rizóbios inoculados em sementes pequenas (11 mm) e grandes (18 mm) sobre o crescimento, nodulação e fixação de N de feijão-fava. Isolados selecionados de rizóbios foram comparados com uma estirpe de referência CIAT899 e dois controles sem inoculação. Sementes grandes contribuíram para maior crescimento de plantas, nodulação e fixação de N do que sementes pequenas. Os isolados UFPI-59, UFPI-18 e UFPI-38 promoveram os maiores valores de massa seca de parte aérea e raízes. Os isolados UFPI-32 e UFPI-59 promoveram os maiores valores de número e massa de nódulos, respectivamente. Os isolados UFPI-38 e UFPI-59 promoveram maior acúmulo de N. Este estudo mostrou que o tamanho de sementes influencia o crescimento, nodulação e fixação de N em feijão-fava. Considerando os isolados de rizóbios, UFPI-59, UFPI-38 e UFPI-18 contribuíram para o crescimento de plantas, promoveram melhor nodulação e eficiência na fixação de N.

Covid-19 y la odontología latinoamericana para pacientes con necesidades especiales / Covid-19 and latin american dentistry for patients with special needs / Covid-19 and dental care for patients with special needs in Latin America

Resumen La región de América Latina se ha convertido en la más afectada del mundo por la pandemia del COVID-19. Y personas con necesidades especiales, población ya vulnerable, están sufriendo un impacto significativo de la crisis actual. Dado que estas personas no pueden dejar de ser protegidas y cuidadas, un grupo de profesores de 10 países de América Latina se reunió para analizar la situación de la odontología para pacientes con necesidades especiales en la región. En todos los países, se evidenció que el confinamiento y las restricciones de desplazamiento están interrumpiendo el acceso a bienes y servicios esenciales para ellos. En cuanto a la odontología, la disposición general es posponer los procedimientos de rutina, a menos que sean clínicamente urgentes o de emergencia; adoptar estrictas medidas de protección personal y evitar o minimizar las intervenciones que puedan producir aerosoles. La atención odontológica remota, teleodontología, se considera como una herramienta fundamental en este momento, ya que permite evaluar la necesidad de atención presencial y ofrecer soporte, información y seguridad a los pacientes y familias. La pandemia nos ha demostrado, a todos, que impulsar la Promoción de la Salud es el verdadero camino, y que no debemos esperar a que se presenten condiciones que afecten la calidad de vida.

Resumo: A região da América Latina tem se tornado a mais afetada do mundo pela pandemia do COVID-19. E as pessoas com necessidades especiais, população já vulnerável, estão sofrendo um impacto significativo da crise atual. Uma vez que essas pessoas não podem deixar de ser protegidas e cuidadas, um grupo de professores de 10 países de América Latina se reuniu para analisar a situação da odontologia para pacientes com necessidades especiais na região. Em todos os países se verificaram que o confinamento e restrições de movimento estavam interrompendo o acesso a bens e serviços essenciais para eles. Para a odontologia, a orientação geral é adiar procedimentos de rotina, a menos que seja clinicamente urgente ou emergencial; adotar medidas rígidas de proteção individual e evitar ou minimizar intervenções que possam produzir aerossóis. O atendimento odontológico à distância, teleodontología, é considerada uma ferramenta fundamental neste momento, pois permite avaliar a necessidade de atendimento presencial e oferecer suporte, informação e segurança aos pacientes e famílias. A pandemia tem demostrado, para todos, que trabalhar na Promoção da Saúde é o verdadeiro caminho, e que não devemos esperar por condições que afetem a qualidade de vida.

Abstract Latin America has become the most affected region by the COVID-19 pandemic in the world. People with special needs-an already vulnerable population-are suffering terrible consequences on account of this crisis. These people need to be protected and cared for at all times. Therefore, a group of lecturers from ten Latin American countries came together to analyze the regional situation of dental care for patients with special needs. Every country shows evidence that lockdowns and movement restrictions interrupt these people's access to essential goods and services. The general course of action regarding dental care is to postpone routine procedures unless they are clinically urgent or an emergency, implement strict personal protection measures and avoid or minimize processes that may produce aerosols. Remote dental care is considered essential these days since it allows practitioners to assess the need for face-to-face care and offer support, information, and safety to patients and families. The pandemic has shown us all that supporting health promotion is the true path and that we should not wait until conditions that affect people's quality of life appear to act.

Evaluation of six years of dental referrals from the pediatric inpatient area of Hospital Criança Conceição in Porto Alegre, Brazil / Evaluación de seis años de interconsultas odontológicas provenientes del área de internación pediátrica del Hospital Criança Conceição de Porto Alegre, Brasil

Abstract Introduction: this study aimed to describe the profile of the referrals sent to the hospital dentistry team from patients in Hospital Criança Conceição in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from January 2012 to July 2018. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective study was conducted, evaluating 193 electronic dental records to extract the following data: patient's sex and age, description of the referral made by other health professionals and the dentist's behavior in solving the presented problem. Results: 61.6% of patients were male and the mean age of all patients was 10.5 years. Most dental referrals came from the oncohematology area (75.12%) and the predominant reason was pre- and post-chemotherapy patients' dental care (40.4%). The diagnosis most commonly found by dentists was mucositis (17.6%) and caries (16%). There was absence of oral diseases in 23.8% of cases. The interventions most commonly performed by the hospital dentistry team were laser therapy (57.5%) and oral hygiene instructions (49.1%) in the hospital setting, while procedures in dental offices and surgical rooms included exodontias (27.7%) and restorations (11.7%). Conclusions: the profile of referrals sent to the hospital dentistry team from patients hospitalized in the Hospital Criança Conceição in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is inadequate, since there was a lack of transdisciplinary management including dental care, in addition to poor use of information technology resources and lack of more objective medical records for easy retrieval of patient health information.

Resumen Introducción: este estudio pretende describir el perfil de las interconsultas enviadas al equipo de odontología hospitalaria provenientes de pacientes internados en el Hospital Criança Conceição de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, en el período de enero de 2012 a julio de 2018. Métodos: estudio descriptive retrospectivo en el que se evaluaron 193 historias clínicas odontológicas electrónicas para extraer los siguientes datos: sexo y edad del paciente, descripción de la interconsulta realizada por otros profesionales de salud y conducta del cirujano dentista frente al problema presentado. Resultados: el 61,6% de los pacientes fue de sexo masculino y la edad promedio general fue 10,5 años. Las interconsultas más solicitadas para los cirujanos dentistas fueron provenientes del área de oncohematología (75,12%) y el motivo predominante fue sobre el cuidado bucal a pacientes pre y posquimioterapia (40,4%). El diagnóstico que más encontraron los dentistas fue mucositis (17,6%) y lesiones de caries (16%). Hubo ausencia de enfermedades bucales en 23,8% de los casos. Las intervenciones más realizadas por el equipo de odontología fueron aplicaciones de laserterapia (57,5%) y orientaciones de higiene bucal (49,1%) en ámbito hospitalario; en sillón dental y sala quirúrgica, fueron exodoncias (27,7%) y restauraciones (11,7%). Conclusiones: el perfil de las interconsultas enviadas al equipo de odontología hospitalaria provenientes de pacientes internados en el Hospital Criança Conceição de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, es inadecuado, pues se demostró falta de manejo transdisciplinar que incluya odontología, además de la necesidad de un mejor aprovechamiento de los recursos de tecnología de información e historias clínicas más objetivas y que permitan obtener más fácilmente la información de salud de los pacientes.

El papel de la universidad pública en la salud bucal de poblaciones excluidas / The public university role on excluded populations' oral health

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Atención odontológica a paciente pediatrico con neurofibromatosis tipo 1: relato de caso clínico / Atendimento odontológico de uma criança com neurofibromatose tipo 1: relato de caso clínico / Dental care for a pediatric patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: a clinical case report

Resumen Este relato de caso clínico presenta a una niña de 7 años de edad, con diagnóstico de neurofibromatosis tipo 1, que fue atendida en la clínica de Odontología para Pacientes con Necesidades Especiales de la Facultad de Odontología de la UFRGS. Al examen físico se observó neurofibroma plexiforme que afectaba el párpado superior del ojo derecho, que causaba ptosis, pérdida de visión y asimetría facial. Además, manchas color café con leche y pecas en la piel. Al examen clínico bucal, se observó atresia de la arcada dentaria superior, lesiones de caries dental activas y presencia generalizada de biopelicula microbiana sobre las superfícies dentárias y sangrado gingival. Fueron realizados todos los tratamientos odontológicos necesarios para la paciente, con los cuidados pertinentes. Concluímos que es de extrema importancia que los cirujanos dentistas cuenten con conocimiento sobre la neurofibromatosis y estén preparados para formar parte de equipos transdisciplinarios en salud.

Resumo Este caso clínico apresenta uma menina de 7 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de neurofibromatose tipo 1, que foi levada à clínica de Pacientes com Necessidades Especiais do Hospital de Ensino Odontológico da Faculdade de Odontologia da UFRGS. Ao exame físico, observou-se que ela apresentava neurofibroma plexiforme acometendo a pálpebra superior do olho direito, provocando ptose, perda da visão e assimetria facial. Também apresentava manchas cor de café com leite e efélides na pele. Ao exame clínico da cavidade bucal, observou-se atresia maxilar, lesões de cárie ativas e presença generalizada de biofilme e sangramento gengival. Foram realizados os tratamentos odontológicos necessários para a paciente, com os devidos cuidados. Concluímos que é de extrema importância o conhecimento da NF1 por parte dos odontólogos e trabalhar com equipe transdisciplinar.

Abstract This clinical case report presents a 7-year-old girl diagnosed with neurofibromatosis type 1 and treated at the Dental Clinic for Patients with Special Needs of the School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. The physical examination revealed a plexiform neurofibroma involving the right upper eyelid and causing ptosis, vision loss, and facial asymmetry. It also showed café-au-lait spots and freckles on the skin. The oral clinical examination showed atresia of the upper dental arch, active dental caries lesions, generalized microbial biofilm on dental surfaces, and gingival bleeding. All the necessary dental treatments were provided with the appropriate care. Dental surgeons need to have knowledge of neurofibromatosis and be prepared to participate in transdisciplinary health teams.

Oral Health Access and Early Caries in Childhood in a Primary Care Service in Southern Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of early childhood caries and its association with Child's Programmatic Action dental visits in a Primary Care Service. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out at the Health Centers of the Grupo HospitalarConceição Community Health Service in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Mothers answered a questionnaire containing socioeconomic data, eating habits and oral care of their children. Caries examination was performed by two examiners calibrated using WHO criteria. Results: Eighty-one children with mean age of 58.8 (SD=4.8) months were evaluated, 58% were male. Caries prevalence was 43%, with mean dmft = 1.7 and mean dmfs = 3.09. In the multivariate analysis, there was a statistically significant association of caries with maternal schooling (PR=1.31, 95%CI=1.06-1.62, p=0.012), family income (PR=0.93, 95% CI=0.90-0.97, p<0.001), adequacy of the number of childcare visits (PR=0.68, 95%CI=0.54-0.86, p=0.001) and number of visits to the dentist (PR=1.04, 95%CI=1.01-1.06, p=0.001). Conclusion: Ensuring access to childcare and early dental consultation, while the family context is disregarded, does not seem to be enough to reduce caries. It is necessary to think of non-conventional oral health promotion strategies in Primary Health Care taking into account the territory and social determinants since changes to eating and oral hygiene habits and behaviors are still a challenge to the control of childhood caries.

Acesso à saúde bucal na primeira infância no município de Porto Alegre, Brasil / Access to oral health in early childhood in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar o acesso e fatores associados à consulta odontológica em crianças de até 5 anos no município de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Estudo transversal realizado em 10 Unidades Básicas de Saúde, através de questionário e exame clínico em 560 crianças. Foram avaliadas variáveis clínicas (placa visível, sangramento gengival e ceo-s), sociodemográficas, e de acesso à consulta. Regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para cálculo de Razões de Prevalência (RP), com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Os resultados mostraram que 68,2% das crianças nunca haviam ido ao dentista. O principal motivo relatado para a não realização de consulta odontológica foi não ter sentido necessidade (48,7%) e dificuldade de acesso ao posto de saúde (15,8%). A procura pelo dentista teve como propósito a prevenção/revisão (55,8%) e os locais mais procurados para consultas foi o consultório particular (43,9%) e o posto de saúde (39,5%). O modelo multivariado final mostrou que a idade da criança (IC95%, RP = 1,03 (1,02-1,05)), a renda familiar (RP = 1,05; (1,01-1,08)) e a mãe ter concluído o ensino médio (RP = 1,69 (1,15-2,56)) estiveram associados com a procura por consulta odontológica. Assim, torna-se fundamental reconhecer a importância do contexto familiar durante os primeiros anos de vida.

Abstract The goal was to assess the access and factors connected to dental visits in children up to age five in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 Basic Health Units through a questionnaire and clinical examination on 560 children. Clinical (visible plaque, gingival bleeding and defs), socio-demographic, and visit access variables were assessed. Poisson Regression was used to calculate the Prevalence Ratios (PR), with a 95% confidence interval. Results showed that 68.2% of children had never gone to a dentist. The main reason reported for not visiting a dentist was not feeling the need (48.7%) and difficult access to a health clinic (15.8%). The purpose of going to the dentist was for prevention/revision (55.8%), and the most sought-after places for visits were the private office (43.9%) and health clinic (39.5%). The final multivariate model showed that age of the child (95%CI, PR = 1.03 (1.02-1.05)), household income (PR = 1.05; (1.01-1.08)), and the mother having completed high school (PR = 1.69 (1.15-2.56)) were associated with seeking dental consultation. Thus, it is crucial to recognize the importance of the family setting during the first years of life.

Percepción de los estudiantes de odontologia de la ufrgs sobre la disciplina de pacientes con necesidades especiales / Perception of ufrgs dentistry students of the area of dental care for patients with special needs

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la percepción de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul (FO-UFRGS), que cursaron la disciplina electiva de Atención Odontológica para Pacientes con Necesidades Especiales (PNE), en relación a dicho curso. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, observacional y analítico, en el cual se aplicó un cuestionario con 20 preguntas abiertas y cerradas a 64 estudiantes de 9º y 10º semestre que habían cursado la disciplina antes mencionada. El 98,4% (n=63) de los alumnos se sintió conmovido y obtuvo una lección de vida con los pacientes; el 86% (n=55) se identificó con la atención odontológica a PNE; el 67,2% (n=43) no mostró interés en especializarse en el área; sin embargo, el 76,6% (n=49) manifestó estar preparado para realizar atención a PNE; el 98,4% (n=63) recomendaría esta disciplina a sus compañeros; el 100% (n=64) consideró que el aprendizaje obtenido fue importante para su formación académica como cirujano dentista y que esta disciplina debería ser obligatoria en la malla curricular. Para los estudiantes encuestados, la disciplina de Atención Odontológica para PNE es importante para su formación y debe ser considerada obligatoria; les ha permitido conocer una nueva realidad y desmitificar sus miedos y preconceptos; además, los ha tornado profesionales más capacitados y con mayor empatía para atender dicha población.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the perception of the students of the School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (FO-UFRGS) who took the elective subject of Dental Care for Patients with Special Needs (PSN) in relation to said course. A longitudinal, observational and analytical study was carried out, in which a questionnaire with 20 open and closed questions was applied to 64 students of 9th and 10th semester who had taken this subject. A total of 98.4% (n = 63) of the students felt moved and learnt a life lesson with the patients; 86% (n = 55) identified with dental care for PSN; 67.2% (n = 43) showed no interest in specializing in the area; however, 76.6% (n = 49) said they were prepared to work with PSN; 98.4% (n = 63) would recommend this area to their peers; 100% (n = 64) considered that what they learned was important for their academic training as dental surgeons and that this discipline should be obligatory in the course curriculum. The students surveyed believe this area is important for their training and should be considered obligatory; it has allowed them to see a new reality and demystify their fears and preconceptions. In addition, it has made them more qualified professionals with greater empathy to serve this population.

Perfil, sentimentos e qualidade de vida dos cuidadores de pacientes com deficiência atendidos na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul: cuidadores de pacientes com deficiência com a palavra / Profile, feelings and quality of life of caregivers of patients with disabilities attended at the Dentistry College of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul: caregivers of patients with disabilities with the word

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida de cuidadores de pacientes atendidos na clínica da disciplina eletiva de Pacientes com Necessidades Especiais (PNE) da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (FO-Ufrgs). Metodologia: Foi um estudo longitudinal, observacional e analítico, aplicado por dois examinadores calibrados para 97 cuidadores que compareceram na clínica da disciplina de PNE da FO- -Ufrgs. Resultados: 51,54% tinham idade entre 40 e 59 anos; 89,7% eram do sexo feminino sendo que 75,3% eram as mães dos PNEs; 59,8 % eram donas de casa, e 73,2% viviam com uma renda mensal de 1 a 3 salários mínimos; 58,76% achavam que ter qualidade de vida é "ser saudável" e, 67% sentiram que, por causa do tempo cuidando do PNE não tiveram tempo para si próprio, 52,6 % não se sentiram estressados para cuidar do PNE e suas outras responsabilidades com a família, 66 % não sentiram que sua saúde foi afetada, 72,2% não sentiram que a sua vida social teria sido prejudicada e, 70,1% sentiram que não tem dinheiro suficiente para cuidar do PNE somando-se as suas outras despesas 88,6% afirmaram que não gostariam de simplesmente deixar que outra pessoa cuidasse do PNE e, 54,6% responderam que deixaram de fazer algumas coisas por causa do PNE. Conclusão: Há uma necessidade de atenção não somente para os PNEs, mas, também, para os seus cuidadores que necessitam de uma abordagem multidisciplinar tendo uma rede de apoio àquele que cuida, visando a uma melhora de sua qualidade de vida.(AU)

Objective: to assess the quality of life of caregivers of patients treated at the Special Needs Patients (SNP) elective course clinic of the School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (FO-UFRGS). Methodology: Longitudinal, observational, and analytical study applied by two calibrated examiners to 97 caregivers who attended the FO-UFRGS SNP clinic. Results: A rate of 51.54% were between 40 and 59 years old, 89.7% were women, and 75.3% were the mothers of SNP. A rate of 59.8% were housewives and 73.2% lived on a monthly income of 1 to 3 minimum wages. A rate of 58.76% believed that quality of life is "being healthy" and 67% felt the time spent taking care of the SNP did not leave any for themselves. A rate of 52.6% were not stressed to take care of their SNP and other family responsibilities and 66% did not feel their health was affected. A rate of 72.2% did not feel their social life would have been impaired and 70.1% felt like not having enough money to take care of the SNP when adding other expenses. A rate of 88.6% said they would not want to let someone else take care of the SNP and 54.6% said they stopped doing some things because of the SNP. Conclusion: There is a need for attention not only for SNP, but also for their caregivers, who need a multidisciplinary approach with a support network to improve their quality of life.(AU)

Changes induced by co-inoculation in nitrogen-carbon metabolism in cowpea under salinity stress

ABSTRACT To mitigate the deleterious effects of abiotic stress, the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria along with diazotrophic bacteria has been increasing. The objectives of this study were to investigate the key enzymes related to nitrogen and carbon metabolism in the biological nitrogen fixation process and to elucidate the activities of these enzymes by the synergistic interaction between Bradyrhizobium and plant growth-promoting bacteria in the absence and presence of salt stress. Cowpea plants were cultivated under axenic conditions, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. and Actinomadura sp., Bradyrhizobium sp. and Bacillus sp., Bradyrhizobium sp. and Paenibacillus graminis, and Bradyrhizobium sp. and Streptomycessp.; the plants were also maintained in the absence (control) and presence of salt stress (50 mmolL-1 NaCl). Salinity reduced the amino acids, free ammonia, ureides, proteins and total nitrogen content in nodules and increased the levels of sucrose and soluble sugars. The co-inoculations responded differently to the activity of glutamine synthetase enzymes under salt stress, as well as glutamate synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase aminating, and acid invertase in the control and salt stress. Considering the development conditions of this experiment, co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. and Bacillus sp. in cowpea provided better symbiotic performance, mitigating the deleterious effects of salt stress.

Prevalencia de niños víctimas de violencia en la ciudad de Porto Alegre e influencia de sus variables en el ámbito odontológico / Prevalence of children victims of violence in the city of Porto Alegre and impact of its variables on dentistry

Porto Alegre, capital del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, es una ciudad considerada violenta. Objetivo: Evaluar características y variantes de violencia contra niños de 0 a 12 años, notificadas en la Coordinación General de Vigilancia en Salud de Porto Alegre de 2010 al 2016. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio descriptivo que analizó los datos de 6.493 casos de violencia contra niños, registrados en el SINAN y publicados en la página web de la Municipalidad de Porto Alegre. Resultados: 2015 fue el año de mayor prevalencia de violencia; 57,46% de las víctimas fueron niñas; lo tipo de violencia más frecuente fue negligencia (36,25%). La madre fue la mayor responsable de las agresiones. Conclusión: La violencia infantil es alta en Porto Alegre y para garantizar un trato adecuado de los profesionales del área de salud con niños víctimas de violencia, es necesario incluir el abordaje de estos casos en su formación académica.

Porto Alegre, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is considered a violent city. Objective: to evaluate the main characteristics and variants of violence against children aged between 0 and 12 as reported at the General Office of Health Surveillance of Porto Alegre between 2010 and 2016. Methods: descriptive exploratory study that analyzed the data of 6,493 cases of violence against children recorded by the SINAN and published on the Porto Alegre Municipality website. Results: 2015 recorded the highest prevalence of violence against children; 57.46% of the victims were female. The most frequent type of violence was negligence (36.25%). It was the mother who was mainly responsible for the aggressions. Conclusion: Child violence is high in Porto Alegre, and to ensure that health professionals treat children victims of violence appropriately, it is necessary to address these cases in their academic education.

Archaea diversity in vegetation gradients from the Brazilian Cerrado

Abstract We used 16S rRNA sequencing to assess the archaeal communities across a gradient of Cerrado. The archaeal communities differed across the gradient. Crenarcheota was the most abundant phyla, with Nitrosphaerales and NRPJ as the predominant classes. Euryachaeota was also found across the Cerrado gradient, including the classes Metanocellales and Methanomassiliicoccaceae.

Antioxidant response of cowpea co-inoculated with plant growth-promoting bacteria under salt stress

Abstract Soil salinity is an important abiotic stress worldwide, and salt-induced oxidative stress can have detrimental effects on the biological nitrogen fixation. We hypothesized that co-inoculation of cowpea plants with Bradyrhizobium and plant growth-promoting bacteria would minimize the deleterious effects of salt stress via the induction of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative protection. To test our hypothesis, cowpea seeds were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium or co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and plant growth-promoting bacteria and then submitted to salt stress. Afterward, the cowpea nodules were collected, and the levels of hydrogen peroxide; lipid peroxidation; total, reduced and oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione; and superoxide dismutase, catalase and phenol peroxidase activities were evaluated. The sodium and potassium ion concentrations were measured in shoot samples. Cowpea plants did not present significant differences in sodium and potassium levels when grown under non-saline conditions, but sodium content was strongly increased under salt stress conditions. Under non-saline and salt stress conditions, plants co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and Actinomadura or co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and Paenibacillus graminis showed lower hydrogen peroxide content in their nodules, whereas lipid peroxidation was increased by 31% in plants that were subjected to salt stress. Furthermore, cowpea nodules co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and plant growth-promoting bacteria and exposed to salt stress displayed significant alterations in the total, reduced and oxidized forms of ascorbate and glutathione. Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium and plant growth-promoting bacteria induced increased superoxide dismutase, catalase and phenol peroxidase activities in the nodules of cowpea plants exposed to salt stress. The catalase activity in plants co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and Streptomyces was 55% greater than in plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium alone, and this value was remarkably greater than that in the other treatments. These results reinforce the beneficial effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the antioxidant system that detoxifies reactive oxygen species. We concluded that the combination of Bradyrhizobium and plant growth-promoting bacteria induces positive responses for coping with salt-induced oxidative stress in cowpea nodules, mainly in plants co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and P. graminis or co-inoculated with Bradyrhizobium and Bacillus.

Oral health and socioeconomic indicators of adolescents living in a region of extreme poverty / Salud bucal e indicadores socioeconómicos de adolescentes residentes en una región de extrema pobreza

ABSTRACT. Introduction: Adolescence is a stage of life in which future hygiene habits are consolidated and is also a period of multiple discoveries and changes in human beings' life. As teenagers go through so many different new emotions, they often leave their health unattended, and thus are at greater risk of suffering oral diseases, which often affect this population early and are treated in late stages, resulting in tooth loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health profile of adolescents living in a region of extreme poverty. Methods: a cross-sectional analytical study assessing data from 205 adolescents living in the Augusta Meneguine district in the city of Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Results: The average tooth loss was one tooth per teenager. The Student t-test (p ≤ 0.05) showed no significant differences by sex (p = 0.158). Adolescents whose families had a monthly income of up to one minimum wage had a higher average score of tooth loss, compared to those from families of higher monthly income, but this difference was not significant (p = 0.341). No significant differences were observed between lost teeth and sugar consumption (p = 0.869), nor in relation to the average number of cavities among adolescents with oral hygiene supervision (p = 0.631). Conclusions: This study helped identify poor oral health conditions and low socioeconomic levels among adolescents with low income and education levels, leading them to have high rates of visible plaque, gingival bleeding, caries, and tooth loss.

RESUMEN. Introducción: la adolescencia es la fase de la vida en la que se consolidan hábitos futuros de higiene, y es a su vez un periodo de múltiples descubrimientos y cambios en la vida del ser humano. Debido a la gran cantidad de nuevas emociones que se presentan, muchas veces los adolescentes acaban dejando su salud en segundo plano, lo que causa una mayor probabilidad de sufrir enfermedades bucales, que muchas veces atacan de manera precoz a esta población y son tratadas en fases tardías, dando como resultado pérdidas dentarias. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en evaluar el perfil de salud bucal de adolescentes que viven en una región de extrema pobreza. Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal y analítico, en el cual fueron analizados datos de 205 adolescentes residentes en el barrio Augusta Meneguine, localizado en la ciudad de Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Resultados: el promedio de dientes perdidos fue de un diente por adolescente. La prueba t de Student (p ≤ 0,05) no mostró diferencias significativas por sexo (p = 0,158). Los adolescentes cuya familia contaba con un ingreso mensual de hasta un salario mínimo presentaron un valor promedio mayor de dientes perdidos, en comparación con los de familias de ingresos mensuales mayores, pero esta no fue una diferencia significativa (p = 0,341). Tampoco se observaron diferencias significativas entre los dientes perdidos y el consumo de azúcar (p = 0,869), ni en relación con el número promedio de caries entre los adolescentes que recibieron una supervisión de higiene bucal (p = 0,631). Conclusiones: el presente estudio permitió identificar un perfil carente de salud bucal y nivel socioeconómico de los adolescentes de bajos ingresos y niveles de educación, por lo que presentan altos índices de placa visible, sangrado gingival, caries y pérdidas dentarias.

Early Childhood Caries and Family-Related Determining Factors in a Southern Brazilian City

Objective: To evaluate the factors associated to Early Childhood Caries (ECC) in a population of children under 5 years old in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted at 10 Primary Healthcare Units during the 2008 Nationwide Multi-Vaccination Campaign. A questionnaire was administered to parents and guardians to look into their social-demographic and economic variables, along with their dental health practices. The children underwent dental examination. The presence of visible plaque and dental caries was evaluated using the DMFS index. Chi-Square tests and Poisson regression were conducted, with robust variance for prevalence ratios (PR). Results: 560 children were evaluated, most of them male (51.6%) and at the average age of 32.6 (±16.2) months. Their average family income was 3.21(±4.8) Brazilian minimum monthly salaries. Paternal schooling, number of children, and living conditions were not significantly associated to the dental caries and visible plaque outcomes. According to our multivariate analysis, greater maternal schooling resulted in fewer cavities (PR=0.26; CI95%0.09-0.81) and less visible plaque (PR=0.40; CI95%0.21-0.79). On the other hand, children enrolled in day care or taken care by "others" showed higher caries prevalence (PR=1.58; CI95%1.00-2.48) (PR=1.90; CI95%1.23-2.95), respectively, and those whose families were the mother/child type showed higher visible plaque prevalence (PR=1.44; CI95%1.07-1.95). Conclusion: It is important to recognize that issues related to maternal schooling, the care given, and family organization are factors associated to ECC in a population of under 5-year-olds in Porto Alegre, Brazil.